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- <text id=92TT0400>
- <title>
- Feb. 24, 1992: Genetic Tests Under Fire
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
- Feb. 24, 1992 Holy Alliance
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- HEALTH, Page 65
- Genetic Tests Under Fire
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A sports panel says a glance in the pants is enough to determine
- the sex of an athlete
- </p>
- <p> Spanish hurdler Maria Jose Martinez Patino never doubted her
- femininity until she arrived in Kobe, Japan, in 1985 to compete
- at the World University Games. Like all female athletes
- participating in international tournaments, she had to take a
- genetic sex-determination test, aimed at preventing men in drag
- from unfairly competing against women. Though Patino had passed
- such an exam in the past, she had forgotten to bring along
- proof. This time, to her amazement, she failed. The first test
- had evidently been botched. Patino, though clearly a female
- anatomically, is, at a genetic level, just as clearly a man. She
- was disqualified.
- </p>
- <p> Every year a handful of women share Patino's fate--the
- result of certain genetic anomalies. In Patino's case, and
- doubtless in many others, the repercussions were devastating and
- humiliating. Not only was she barred from competing, but she
- lost an athletic scholarship and watched her boyfriends walk off
- in confusion.
- </p>
- <p> Gender tests first appeared in 1966, in response to
- suspicions that muscular, medal-winning East bloc women were
- really men in disguise. Female athletes had to parade nude
- before a panel of gynecologists to be certified as women. By
- 1968, this demeaning practice was abandoned in favor of a more
- dignified and supposedly more scientific chromosome exam. But
- no one guessed that it would backfire against women like Patino.
- </p>
- <p> So last year the International Amateur Athletic
- Federation, which governs track-and-field contests, decided to
- go back to something closer to the original method: during a
- routine physical, a team doctor simply and discreetly takes note
- of an athlete's genitals. In a report in last week's Journal of
- the American Medical Association, the organization proclaimed
- its satisfaction with the practice and called upon groups
- governing other sports to follow suit. Timed to coincide with
- the Winter Olympics, the report is sure to embarrass the
- International Olympic Committee, which remains wedded to
- chromosome testing.
- </p>
- <p> "The big mistake," says Alison Carlson, a tennis coach and
- member of the I.A.A.F. committee that recommended the new test,
- "is in the simplistic idea we all learned in high school that
- chromosomes determine gender." While a Y chromosome ordinarily
- makes someone a man, explains Dr. Joe Leigh Simpson, a
- University of Tennessee gynecologist who was also on the
- I.A.A.F. committee, "about 1 in 20,000 people has genes that
- conflict with his or her apparent gender." In some cases, the
- Y chromosome is defective and fails to properly signal the body
- to produce masculinizing hormones--or in the case of men who
- are genetically female, an X chromosome inappropriately signals
- the body to produce excess testosterone. In instances such as
- Patino's, male hormones may be present, but the body lacks the
- proper receptors to respond. Such individuals look female and,
- significantly for sports, have the size and musculature of a
- woman; the Y chromosome is irrelevant.
- </p>
- <p> Patino spent three years fighting to regain her female
- status and won, even before the I.A.A.F. changed its procedures.
- She hopes to compete in this summer's Olympics, which will be
- held in her native land. Luckily for her fellow track stars,
- Olympic officials will now accept an I.A.A.F. certificate of
- femininity instead of chromosomal proof. But XY women in other
- sports will be out of luck, unless the International Olympic
- Committee updates its policy.
- </p>
- <p> By Michael D. Lemonick.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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